BIBLIOGRAPHY

BELUM ADA LAGI

CONSEQUENCES

ADVANTAGES

Not use fuel

As all we know, global price of petrol is not stable. So this is our chance to minimize the usage of petrol

Environmental friendly

If we use petrol as a source it will produce carbon monoxide. In addition, it will lead to air pollution in our country.

This vehicle also not produces noise because the moving process totally use magnetic and electric source.

Simple, less component and low maintenances

Due to usage of magnetic and electric source, we don’t need an engine block. So it will produce more space inside the vehicle. In addition, this vehicle also will have less weight compared to ordinary vehicle.

This vehicle supposes to be easier to fix if there are mechanical problem because of the less component such as no engine block.

Because of fewer components, our maintenances will be reduced. For example, we don’t have to worry about engine oil and break pad.

Less friction

Less friction is one of the specialties of magnetic levitation. We know that the friction force will waste our powers that have been produce. If there is no friction, no power will be converted to heat power or wasted.

Theoretically, when there is a friction force it will affect the component such as break pad that we should change it in certain time.

Security purposes

There should be no break, power or engine failure if we are using this concept. This is because we are using magnetic and electric devices. We realize that we can’t guaranty the failure will not happen but if so it will be under some circumstances. So, we have provided the safety measures such as contingency plan.

DISADVANTAGES

High-tech

Magnetic levitation has been applied in high-tech countries such as United States, Japan and Germany more than a decade ago.

We realize that is some barrier and impossible for us to apply this concept for a little vehicle, but as one of a development country we should think about it because we should explore it to improve our knowledge about sciences. In addition, not necessarily we have to apply this concept in little vehicle. We can apply it to other devices such as train or ship.

High cost

We realize that this concept needs a high cost to be applied. But, this is just a first steps for us toward an excellence in engineering field.

Although this is just an idea, we can have used it if there are many advantages to our country in term of reducing the usage of natural mineral source and safety.

Logic

There is a logic that we should think of. Which is better? Magnet to electric or electric to magnet?

Due to our objective which is to relate this concept to our Electromagnetic Theory lesson, we chose this concept which used electric and convert it to magnet. Although there are some evidence that proved that better for us to use magnet and convert it to electric as a power sources we neglect it.

Not been expose

If there is a difficulties in term of fixing, we can discuss or introduce this concept to our national automotive company such as Proton to produce it in national market.

HOW IT FUNCTIONS

Basic

The car still use normal pedal to accelerate and slow down ( brake ) the car. When we press the accelerate pedal, the corresponding wire send information to the power supply and the power supply will supply some current to the Maglev device. as the current arrive the Maglev device, it will flow around the superconductor through the wire that intertwined that superconductor. Thus, the superconductor becomes impermanent magnet. The permanent magnet repels with the impermanent magnet, which will produce movement of the wheel

Forward and Backward Control

This thing can be controlled by changing the flow of current either it moves forward or moves backward. According to blab la bla ( what law? ). If we want to move forward, we just press the accelerator pedal and the current will flow forward, thus resulting the forward movement of the wheel. Otherwise, if we want to reverse or moving backward, we just use the reverse gear. The reverse gear will send instruction to the power supply to produce the current flow backward, then the wheel will turn backward.

Speed Control

We can control the speed by pressing the accelerator pedal itself. The more we press, the more current will flow through the Maglev device, thus the movement of wheel will increase. Otherwise, when we release the pedal, few current will flow through the Maglev device and the movement of wheel will decrease.

BREAKTHROUGHS

MAJOR COMPONENTS

The Future Vehicles is an advanced car that uses electromagnet in wheel part to move the car. We attach a device named “Maglev device” at the wheel part. Usually we attach the device at front wheel only because many cars are accelerated by the engine using front wheel. The device itself has a look like a brake disc. There are two major parts in using the electromagnet for moving the car, which are:

1. Power supply

2. Maglev device

Power supply

We use power supply to supply some current to the Maglev device which is to magnetize the superconductor. This car does not use any fuel as the source of movement. The power supply must be high in voltage and rechargeable since it produces a lot of current to the Maglev device. We can also use solar as the source of the power supply.

Maglev device

In this device, there are three major parts which are permanent magnet, superconductor and wire. The superconductor is intertwined by the wire. The permanent magnet is attached at the superconductor. Both of them are not touched each other, they are separated in certain distance. We use superconductor because it is the best material in producing impermanent magnet which can produce strong electromagnet.

HOW IT FUNCTIONS

Basic

The car still use normal pedal to accelerate and slow down ( brake ) the car. When we press the accelerate pedal, the corresponding wire send information to the power supply and the power supply will supply some current to the Maglev device. as the current arrive the Maglev device, it will flow around the superconductor through the wire that intertwined that superconductor. Thus, the superconductor becomes impermanent magnet. The permanent magnet repels with the impermanent magnet, which will produce movement of the wheel

Forward and Backward Control

This thing can be controlled by changing the flow of current either it moves forward or moves backward. If we want to move forward, we just press the accelerator pedal and the current will flow forward, thus resulting the forward movement of the wheel. Otherwise, if we want to reverse or moving backward, we just use the reverse gear. The reverse gear will send instruction to the power supply to produce the current flow backward, and then the wheel will turn backward.

Speed Control

We can control the speed by pressing the accelerator pedal itself. The more we press, the more current will flow through the Maglev device, thus the movement of wheel will increase. Otherwise, when we release the pedal, few current will flow through the Maglev device and the movement of wheel will decrease.

FUTURE TECHNOLOGY

The future technology of the Future Vehicles which use the Electromagnetic concept is one that would help the world exceptionally. We find that this technology can reduce the uses of patrol which resulting in reducing the air pollution and provide a better and safer environment to the world. From the Maglev concept, we extract the basic concept of it in out project. It uses electromagnet to lift up and move the train. For our project, we also use electromagnet to move the vehicles forward and reverse besides of using patrol. The vehicles can be any of the vehicles existed in this world, as long as in can move forward and backward, but we focus to the car for clear view and understanding.

HISTORY

History of Car
The birth of the car as we know it today took several years and the works and developments of many people. It was not until 1885 that the first car rolled down the streets; however, earlier attempts at steam powered road vehicles were successful, giving people the idea that cars as we know them today have existed for a lot longer than they have. The first steam-powered vehicle was designed by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot and constructed by M. Brezin in 1769 and could attain speeds of up to 6 km/hour. Two years later, he designed another, much faster steam-driven engine, which was so fast that it rammed into a wall, recording the world's first car accident. These early steam-powered vehicles were so heavy that they were only practical on a perfectly flat surface as strong as iron. However impractical as these cars may have been, the design for these vehicles were the basis for the first self-propelled vehicles and ultimately the basis for the design of the car we know today. The next step towards the development of the car was the invention of the internal combustion engine. Francois Isaac de Rivaz designed the first internal combustion engine in 1807, using a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen to generate energy. Several designs were developed for a car to run on the internal combustion engine during the early 19 th century, but with little to no degree of commercial success due to the fact that there was no known fuel that could be safely internally combusted. In 1860, Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir, a Frenchman, built the first successful two-stroke gas driven engine. Two years later, he again built an experimental vehicle by his gas-engine, which ran at a speed of 3 kms/hour and drove it from Paris to Joinville. Both of these cars became popular and by 1865 could be frequently seen on the roads. Unfortunately, Lenoir died broke before he could ever make any money or even enjoy his invention. After several small changes to Lenoir's design, In September of 1893, after several small changes to Lenoir's design, the first gasoline powered car, built by brothers Charles and Frank Duryear, was ready for road trials. The first run on public roads was made on September 21, 1893 in Springfield, MA.. When most people think of the first cars on the road, they think Henry Ford, but it was not until 1896 that one of Henry Ford's cars could be seen on the road. He sold his first car, which he called the Quadracycle, for $200 and used the money to build another car. With the financial backing of the Mayor of Detroit and other wealthy Detroiters, Ford formed the Detroit Automobile Company in 1899. A few prototypes were built, but no production cars were ever made by this company and it was dissolved in January 1901. Ford would not offer a car for sale again until 1903. The development of the automobile changed the face of small-town America. As time passed, cars became less of luxury and more of a necessity. However, after a century of automobiles, we are finally realizing the long-term effects of transport by internal combustion and are looking for alternative forms of fuel and transportation.

History of Electromagnet
Until 1820, the only magnetism known was that of iron magnets and of "lodestones", natural magnets of iron-rich ore. It was believed that the inside of the Earth was magnetized in the same fashion, and scientists were greatly puzzled when they found that the direction of the compass needle at any place slowly shifted, decade by decade, suggesting a slow variation of the Earth's magnetic field. Hans Christian Oersted was a professor of science at Copenhagen University. In 1820 he arranged in his home a science demonstration to friends and students. He planned to demonstrate the heating of a wire by an electric current, and also to carry out demonstrations of magnetism, for which he provided a compass needle mounted on a wooden stand. While performing his electric demonstration, Hans Christian Oersted noted to his surprise that every time the electric current was switched on, the compass needle moved. He kept quiet and finished the demonstrations, but in the months that followed worked hard trying to make sense out of the new phenomenon. However, Hans Christian Oersted could not explain why. The needle was neither attracted to the wire nor repelled from it. Instead, it tended to stand at right angles. In the end he published his findings without any explanation. But then, British electrician, William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet in 1825 using Oersted’s findings. The first electromagnet was a horseshoe-shaped piece of iron that was wrapped with a loosely wound coil of several turns. When a current was passed through the coil; the electromagnet became magnetized and when the current was stopped the coil was de-magnetized. Sturgeon displayed its power by lifting nine pounds with a seven-ounce piece of iron wrapped with wires through which the current of a single cell battery was sent.

PRESENT TECHNOLOGY

Nowadays, there are a lot of inventions created to make human life become easier and more comfortable. Maglev, which stands for magnetic levitation is part of the present technology existed. Maglev is a system of transportation that suspends, guides and usually propels vehicles, predominantly trains, using magnetic forces. This method has the potential to be faster, quieter and smoother than wheeled mass transit systems, potentially reaching velocities comparable to turboprop and jet aircraft ( 900 km/h, 600 mph)

There are two primary types of maglev technology:

1. Electromagnetic suspension ( EMS ) which use the attractive magnetic force of a magnet beneath a rail to lift up the train up. In current EMS systems, the train levitates above a steel rail while electromagnets, attached to the train, are oriented toward the rail from below. The electromagnets use feedback control to maintain a train at a constant distance from the track, at approximately 15 mm ( 0.6 in ).

2. Electrodynamic suspension ( EDS ) which use a repulsive force between two magnetic fields to push the train away from the rail. In EDS, both the rail and the train exert a magnetic field, and the train is levitated by the repulsive force between these magnetic fields. The magnetic field in the train is produced by either electromagnets or by an array of permanent magnets. the repulsive force in the track is created by an induced magnetic field in wires or other conducting strips in the track. At slow speeds, the current induced in these coils and the resultant magnetic flux is not large enough to support the weight of the train. For this reason, the train must have wheels or some other fome of landing gear to support the train until it reaches a speed that can sustain levitation. Propulsion coils on the guideway are used to exert a force on the magnets in the train and make the train move forward. The propulsion coils that exert a force are effectively a linear motor. The frequency of the alternating current is syncronized to match the speed of the train. The offset between the field exerted by magnets on the train and the applied field create a force moving the train forward.

HOME

INTRODUCTION

Welcome and thank you for visiting this site. This site is a report of our project under Electromagnetic Theory subject. The project itself should be based on electromagnetic concept. Thus, we from Group 14, consist of Muhammad Azizi bin Mohd Wahidi, Muhammad Za’im bin Kamarrulzaman, Sholleh Cahyoadi bin Suparno, Bryan Anak Simon Titik and Munirah binti Abdul Hamid had proposed a project named “Future Vehicles”. We adapt some basic concept of Magnetic Levitation ( MagLev ) to our invention. You can scroll over this report if you are curious about the invention which will lead you to a fascinating treasure trove of information.